Syllabus of NEA level -5 electrical faculty

1. FUNDAMENTALS • Concept of resistance, inductance, capacitance and their role in electric circuits. • Series and parallel connection of resistance, inductance and capacitance. • Ohm’s law and Kirchhoff’s law. • Alternating current fundamentals: Faraday’s laws of electromagnetic induction, generation of alternating voltages and currents and their equations and waveforms, amplitude, frequency, phase, phase difference, average and rms values, A.C. through resistance, inductance, capacitance and through their combinations, single phase and three phase AC systems. • Heating effect of electric current • General norms of system voltage regulation and frequency regulation. 2. POWER PLANTS • Hydroelectric power plants: Merits and demerits, classifications and respective layouts, selection of sites, types of water turbines, their working principles and applications. • Diesel electric power plants: Merits and demerits, selection of sites, elements of a diesel plant and its layout. • Non conventional power generation: Photo voltaic or solar cells, solar power generation, wind power generation. 3. ELECTRICAL MACHINES • D.C. generators: Working principle, types of D.C. generators, external, internal and no load characteristics, losses and efficiency. • D.C. motors: Working principle, types of D.C. motors, characteristics of D.C. series and shunt motors, losses and efficiency • Synchronous generator: Working principle, equation of induced E.M.F., short circuit and open circuit characteristics, voltage regulation, losses and efficiency, parallel operation and synchronizing, Alternators connected to infinite bus bars, different types of excitation systems, drying of alternators. • Three phase induction motors: Working principle, squirrel cage and slip ring motors, characteristic of induction motors, starting torque ant torque under running condition, starting of induction motors. • Transformers: Working principle, E.M.F. equation, transformer at no load and at loaded condition, losses and efficiency, parallel operation, different components of transformers, transformer oil and its role, cooling of transformers, Bucholtz protection. • Prerequisites for starting of generators in hydro and diesel station. • Necessity of cooling in power stations • Role of auxiliary equipments in power stations, storage batteries, their capacities, charging and maintenance. • Concept of black start units in power stations. 4. CONTROL AND PROTECTION • Necessity of D.C. system in power stations. • Working principle of bulk oil, vacuum, minimum oil and gas filled circuit breakers. • Working principle of over current, earth fault and under voltage relays and their importance for protection of the system. • Instrument transformers and their role in system protection. • Power line carrier communication and its importance. • Surge arrestor and its importance in protection against lightening. 5. SUB-STATION AND TRANSMISSION LINE • Substations: Substation equipments and their functions, general layout of substation, types of bus bar arrangements, earthing of equipments in a substation. • Transmission lines: General concept of overhead transmission line and under ground cabling, necessity of high voltage transmission, line parameter, resistance, inductance and capacitance, choice of voltage level, conductor spacing, voltage regulation and efficiency of short and medium transmission lines, sag, tension and clearances, supports and cross arms, insulating materials and their classification, conducting materials, vibrations and dampers in transmission lines.. • Lightening phenomenon, types and functions of lightening arrestor, over head earth wire. • Corona and its effects, advantages and disadvantages. 6. DISTRIBUTION AND CONSUMER SERVICES • Primary distribution system: Radial system, ring main system and interconnected network system • Secondary distribution system: Three phase four wire distribution, single phase two wire distribution • Voltage regulation • Selection of supports and conductors in secondary distribution system • Earthing of electrical system and equipment • Consumer supply connection • General idea of fuse, MCB and MCCB protection • Consumer supply energy meters: Construction and principle of operation, creeping errors and their compensation, testing of energy meters. 7. POWER SYSTEM OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE • Concept of maximum demand, diversity factor, load factor and load curves, load duration curves, power factor correction and improvement • Operation of substation during normal and abnormal condition • Synchronizing and system restoration • Preventive maintenance in electrical system for transmission lines and its equipment, distribution lines and its equipments, transformers, switchgears, motors, generators, turbines excitation system, and communication system used in power system • Maintenance of D.C. system • Safety and precautions, safety rules and regulation, safety tools and devices. 8. INSTITUTIONAL KNOW-HOW • General knowledge of Nepal Electricity Authority, its organizational structure and function of various business groups • General knowledge of various power plants of Nepal, their types, salient features, and their geographical locations • General knowledge on Nepalese power transmission system, voltage levels and lengths, export-import links for power exchange with India.

Kulekhani - I Hydropower Station

Kulekhani -1 is the only one reservoir type Hydroelectric Power Station in Nepal. Its installed capacity is 60 MW having two units each of 30 MW. This powerhouse was designed as peaking power station but it has been supporting as emergency stand by station also. The annual expected energy generation capacity as primary energy is 165 GWH and 46 GWH as secondary energy. This power station has generated 174.092 GWh of energy in fiscal year 061/62, an increase of 10.67% compared to the last years generation. With this generation the reservoir level has gone down to 1488 from 1530.5 mts. Generation from Kulekhani-1 contributed 7.19% in the INPS. This project was constructed under the financial assistance of World Bank, The Kuwait Fund, OPEC Fund, the UNDP and the Overseas Economic Cooperation Fund (OECF) of Japan and Government of Nepal. The total project cost of the project was US$ 117.843 million and accordingly the project was transferred to NEA with a capital cost approximately NRs. 155 crores. The telemeter system installed for rainfall , water level measurement and indication cost around NRs. 13.74 crores. The cost of road, check dams and inclined tunnel are about 23 crores. The main purpose for the construction of this power station was to take the peak load only but the unavailability of the sufficient power with respect to demand , the power station was forced to operate as and when required. Salient Features Type : Reservoir Rated net head : 550 meter Design discharge : 12.1 m3/s Headrace tunnel : 6233 m, 2.3 m diameter Penstock pipe : 1324 m long, 2.1 – 1.5m diameter steel pipe Installed capacity : 60 MW Turbine type and numbers : Pelton, 2 sets Rated speed : 600 rpm Type of generator : Vertical shaft, Synchronous Capacity : 35 MVA Rated voltage : 11 KV Power transformer : 11/66KV, 3 phase, 35 MVA, 2 Nos Average annual generation : 211 GWh (Primary energy 165 GWH and secondary energy 46 GWH) Catchments area : 126 sq. km. Civil construction start : 1977 A.D. Commissioning date : 14th May, 1982 Construction cost : 117.84 million USD Financed by : World Bank, Kuwait Fund, UNDP, OECF and OPEC Fund

तामाकोसी ३ आयोजनाको क्षमता घट्यो

नर्वेको एसएन पावर होल्डिङले तामाकोसी ३ जलाशययुक्त विद्युत् आयोजनाको क्षमता घटाएर ६ सय ५० मेगावाटमा झार्ने भएको छ ।
भारत निर्यात गर्ने लक्ष्यका साथ एसएन पावरले आयोजनालाई ८ सय ८० मेगावाटमा डिजाइन गरेको थियो । वर्षायाममा भारतमा निर्यात गर्दा उचित मूल्य पाउन नसक्ने र ठूलो सुरुङ बनाउँदा जोखिम बढेको भन्दै एसएन पावरले आयोजनाको क्षमता घटाएको हो । आयोजनाको सुरुङ १७ किलोमिटर लामो हुनेछ ।
आयोजनाको क्षमता घटाए पनि लागत भने नघट्ने कम्पनीका व्यापार प्रबन्धक अपार न्यौपानेले बताए । न्यौपानेका अनुसार आयोजना बनाउन १ अर्ब ८० करोड डलर ( १ खर्ब २० अर्ब रुपैयाँ) लाग्ने अध्ययनले देखाएको छ ।
स्वदेशमै विद्युत् माग बढी भएपछि हिउँद याममा यसको उत्पादन स्वदेशमा खपत गर्न सरकारले आग्रह गरेका कारण क्षमता घटाएको उनले बताए । आयोजनाको क्षमता घटाउन कम्पनीले गरेको आग्रहमा ऊर्जा मन्त्रालयले सहमतिसमेत जनाइसकेको छ । आयोजनाबाट उत्पादन हुने बिजुली खरिद–बिक्रीका लागि नेपाल विद्युत् प्राधिकरणमा आवेदन दिइसकेको उनले बनाए ।
आयोजना विकासका लागि एसएन पावरले भारतको टाटा पावरसँग सम्झौता गरिसकेको छ । सम्झौताअनुसार आयोजना निर्माणका लागि एसएन र टाटाले आधा–आधा लगानी गर्ने भएका छन् । आयोजनाबाट उत्पादन हुने बिजुलीको बिक्री टाटाले गर्नेछ ।
सीमित जलाशययुक्त आयोजनाका रूपमा निर्माण हुने यो आयोजनाको विस्तृत परियोजना प्रतिवेदनसमेत तयार भइसकेको छ । आयोजनाबाट हिउँदमा ४ सय मेगावाटमात्र उत्पादन हुने अनुमान गरिएको छ ।
भीमेश्वर नगरपालिका र नाम्दुमा ९६ मिटर अग्लो बाँध निर्माण गरी बेतानेबाट १ हजार ३ सय ५० मिटर सुरुङमार्फत मालुखोलामा बन्ने विद्युत्गृहमा खसाल्ने योजना छ । विद्युत्गृहमा प्रयोग गरेको पानी साढे ४ किलोमिटर लामो टेलरेसमार्फत सहरेमा पुनः तामाकोसी नदीमै खसाल्ने उनले बताए ।
नर्वे सरकारको स्वामित्वमा रहेको एसएन पावरले सरकारसँग आयोजना विकास सम्झौता (पीडीए)का लागि ऊर्जा मन्त्रालयमा डेढ वर्षअघि निवेदन दिएको थियो । हालसम्म सरकारले पीडीए गरेको छैन । आयोजनाको क्षमता घटाउन लागेकाले पीडीएको प्रक्रिया ढिला भएको ऊर्जासचिव बालानन्द पौडेलले बताए ।
सन् २०१२ मा निर्माण थाली साढे चार वर्षमा पूरा गर्ने लक्ष्य लिइएको आयोजनाको पीडीए हुन ढिलाइ भएपछि आयोजना थाल्नेमा अन्योल रहेको कम्पनीका अधिकारीहरू बताउँछन् । तत्काल पीडीए भए पनि लगानी जुटाएर आयोजनाको काम सुरु गर्न डेढ वर्ष लाग्ने व्यवस्थापक सुमन बस्नेतले बताए । उनका अनुसार एसियाली विकास बैंकलगायतका संस्थासँग ऋण लगानीका लागि छलफल चलिरहेको उनले जानकारी दिए ।
आयोजनाबाट दोलखाका १ नगरपालिकासहित १९ गाविस र रामेछापको फुलासी गाविस प्रभावित हुनेछन् । आयोजना कार्यान्वयनका लागि ५ सय २८ हेक्टर जमिन आवश्यकता पर्ने बताइएको छ । जसमध्ये ४ सय ५२ हेक्टर स्थायी रूपमा र ७६ हेक्टर अस्थायी रूपमा चाहिने भएको छ । आयोजनाबाट ८७ परिवार प्रत्यक्ष प्रभावित हुने वातावरणीय प्रभाव मूल्यांकन प्रतिवेदनमा उल्लेख छ ।

New turn in Nepal-India power trade

Nepal and India have agreed, in principle, to engage in bilateral power trade on the basis of market-determined price mode (commercial mode), Rameshwar Yadav, managing director of the Nepal Electricity Authority and leader of the Nepali team engaged in power trade talks with India, said today.

At the meeting, Nepal sought the import of 100 MW from India immediately and additional import of 145 MW power in one year.

Chiranjivi Sharma, another team member and an NEA general manager, informed that India is positive about addressing Nepal’s power woes, referring to extended loadshedding hours that the country faces every winter.

“The Indian side has agreed to do its bit to upgrade the existing crossborder transmission lines,” Sharma said.

The two sides will have to agree on the funds they will be shelling for upgrading the existing infrastructure and the quantum of power to be imported from different points.

As per existing provisions, Nepal can import up to 50 MW from India. According to another Nepali team member, power import from Bihar costs Nepal a bit higher than the import from the Tanakpur project and West Bengal. Under the commercial mode, Nepal will be able to buy power at a cheaper rate.

At the meeting, the Indian side sought 5.50 per cent tariff hike on power that Nepal imports from Bihar, while the Nepali side proposed that the issue be discussed at the next fiscal. “If we do not go for commercial mode, we will have to pay more for power import from Bihar,” said Jayendra Shrestha, acting director (Finance) NEA.

Nepal has also agreed to buy 150 MW from India from June, 2015 as the high capacity (400-KV) Dhalkebar-Muzaffarpur transmission line is expected to be ready by then.

Nepal has also sought Indian help for the construction of more high-capacity cross-border transmission lines to boost Nepal-India power trade. “India is the only market for our hydropower, so we need more crossborder transmission lines,” Shrestha reasoned.

India okays 100 MW additional electricity.

India has agreed to provide an additional 100 Megawatt (MW) of electricity to Nepal to ease the acute power shortage in the country.
Indian officials expressed this readiness during the sixth meeting of the Joint Committee on Water Resources (JCWR) being held at the secretary level. The meeting began here on Thursday.
“The Indian side is positive about providing more electricity to Nepal and we have agreed to finalise the issue as quickly as possible at the technical level,” Energy Secretary Balananda Paudel, the leader of the Nepali delegation in the talks, said.
Officials of both the sides recently concluded that transmitting an additional 100 MW of power through the existing transmission lines with minimum repairs was feasible and that the process could take a maximum of three months to be sorted out.
Nepal intends to import the additional power before March 2012, but a more concrete timetable may only emerge on the final day of the talks on Friday, according to Paudel.
Discussions among officials of the Nepal Electricity Authority, the Power Grid of India and the Power Trade Corporation held in Kathmandu had concluded that 369 MW can be provided through the existing transmission lines. Nepal is currently receiving 120-134 MW of electricity from India.
India has also shown positive signs on Nepal’s proposal of a Power Trade Agreement (PTA). Nepal had pushed this agenda during the recent India tour of Prime Minister Baburam Bhattarai. Nepal and India don’t have a bilateral agreement on power trading yet.
PTA will help Nepal sell and buy power from/to India beyond the current provision of the Power Exchange Arrangement (PEA). PEA has set the limit of 50 MW. Nepal has also requested the Indian side to extend that limit to 150 MW.
“Both sides have recognised that the Power Trade Agreement is of great significance. Indian officials have told us that they will comment on it within this year,” Paudel said.
According to Paudel, India is also positive on Nepal’s proposal to establish a second cross-border transmission line (400 KV) connecting Gorakhpur (India) with Butwal (Nepal).
On the Pancheshwor project, India has committed to sort out the issue of the Terms of Reference (ToR) of the Pancheshwor Development Authority (PDA) within three months, Acting Ambassador of Nepal to India Khaganath Adhikari said.